Biology 12 Students: Share your "Biological Molecules and You!" here.

10/6/2011

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36 Comments

Freddy Francis

10/10/2011 02:20:38 am

Biological Molecules- Cholesterol, Triglycerides

CHOLESTEROL- Cholesterol is a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes and is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. In addition, cholesterol is an important component for the manufacture of bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D. high levels of cholesterol in the blood can damage arteries and are potentially linked to diseases such as those associated with the cardiovascular system (heart attack).
TRIGLYCERIDES- A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. There are many triglycerides, depending on the oil source, some are highly unsaturated, some less so. They are the main constituents of vegetable oil (typically more unsaturated) and animal fats (typically more saturated). In humans, triglycerides are a mechanism for storing unused calories, and their high concentrations in blood correlates with the consumption of starchy and fatty foods.
DIETARY SOURCE- Animal fats are complex mixtures of triglycerides, with lesser amounts of phospholipids and cholesterol. As a consequence, all foods containing animal fat contain cholesterol to varying extents. Major dietary sources of cholesterol include cheese, egg yolks, beef, pork, poultry, and shrimp.
ROLE IN DISEASE:
• Arthrosclerosis – accumulation of fat and cholesterol in the inner sides of the blood vessels.
• High Blood Pressure – Increase in the pressure of the pumping of the heart.
• Heart Attack – lack of blood supply to the walls of the heart muscle due to atherosclerosis.
• Stroke – Blockage in the blood vessel supplying the brain.
• Bursting of Blood vessels – Increase in the strain on the blood vessel.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
• Daily Physical exercise
• Intake of low-cholesterol food.
• Intake of Omega fatty acid tablets.
• Prescribed drugs.
REFERENCE:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol
• http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/cholesterol-and-artery-plaque-buildup
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
• http://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/how-does-a-plaque-form-in-blood-vessels/

Siddhant Malik

10/10/2011 05:26:54 am

I am with Freddie

Aish Geejo, Indeep Hari

10/10/2011 05:37:30 am

Carbohydrates are the main energy source for the human body. Chemically, carbohydrates are organic molecules in which carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bond together in the ratio: Cx(H2O)y, where x and y are whole numbers that differ depending on the specific carbohydrate to which we are referring. Animals (including humans) break down carbohydrates during the process of metabolism to release energy. For example, the chemical metabolism of the sugar glucose is shown below:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Animals obtain carbohydrates by eating foods that contain them, for example potatoes, rice, breads, and so on. These carbohydrates are manufactured by plants during the process of Photosynthesis. Plants harvest energy from sunlight to run the reaction just described in reverse:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Carbohydrates are one of the biological molecules our body needs. It provides a short term energy storage area and it is the first to be accessed by the body when needed. This is because they can be converted more readily into glucose, the form of sugar that is transported and used by the body than proteins or fats can. Like any other biological molecule it is good for you if taken in moderation

There is a common belief that carbohydrates cause people to gain weight. Though a diet with too high a carbohydrate content can upset the delicate balance of the body, carbohydrates are a necessity for a healthy body.

Few people realize that carbohydrates are necessary for your body’s survival. Fewer people realize carbohydrates have other functions not including providing energy for the body such as:
• Regulate the amount of sugar circulating in your blood so that all your cells get the energy they need.
• Provide nutrients for the friendly bacteria in your intestinal tract that help digest food.
• Assist in your body’s absorption of calcium
• May help lower cholesterol levels and regulate blood pressure (these effects are special benefits of dietary fibre).

Bibliography
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/focus/nutrition/facts/lifestylemanagement/carbohydrates.htm
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=61
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/carbohydrates-do-more-than-make-energy-for-your-bo.html

Youtube video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFdBjZ0BEBA

Ashley & Sartaj

10/10/2011 08:16:48 am

Possible Dangers of Protein Supplements

PROTEINS: compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides, made up of long chains of amino acids. Our bodies need proteins to function properly, and are required for growth, maintenance and repair of cells. They are major components of all muscles, tissues, and organs and are vital for many processes in the body such as digestion and transportation of nutrients/oxygen in the blood.

Protein drinks and shakes have become very popular recently, especially among young people to gain weight/muscle and "bulk up" while working out. However, new studies show that these may be dangerous to the health. Excessive amounts of protein (and imbalances in amino acids) in the body can lead to dehydration, liver and kidney damage, and increase your risk of osteoporosis. Studies also found another reason to be wary of protein supplements: many of them included traces of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium or lead. By taking more than the recommended doses of protein supplements, a build up of these heavy metals could be toxic. The supplement industry however, does not agree that their products pose any health risk, even though there is little regulation for them to prove their drinks are safe. Though these supplements may be safe in suggested amounts/doses there are many other safer, cheaper and more natural ways to get protein, from foods we eat everyday:

Half a chicken breast- 27 grams of protein
Three glasses of milk- 23 grams of protein
Three scrambled eggs- 20 grams of protein

VIDEO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRgZuS_U9TQ

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/06/01/earlyshow/main6537686.shtml

http://www.ehow.com/about_5055090_dangers-protein-shakes.html

http://www.livestrong.com/article/86743-dangers-protein-supplements/

simerit, jag

10/10/2011 10:15:16 am

Simerit Kaila, Jag Sangha
Dangers of high protein diets
Many people think protein is used for building muscle quickly. The truth is, protein is not only used for growth and repair, but also making new cells, repairing damaged cells and also used as short term energy. We usually obtain this protein from the food in our diet. Excessive amounts of protein place a strain on the kidneys which make them work much harder to remove the waste matter. They have two main functions, filtering the blood, excreting waste products and excess water. The most important waste products are those made by the breakdown of proteins. Proteins have high nitrogen content, which is dangerous to the body, our tissues do not use the nitrogen part of the protein molecule, and this must be filtered out. The more protein consumed the more fluid the kidneys need to flush out the nitrogen or you may develop kidney stones. If you are on a high protein diet you should drink a lot of water to avoid passing a kidney stone. There are different ways of consuming protein like animal protein (e.g. chicken breast), too much animal protein in our diets cause more saturated fat in our body which means it is harder for your body to break down the fats, making saturated fats very unhealthy. In the long term, diets that are high in saturated fats have been linked to heart disease and stroke. High protein (amino acids) supplements are often taken by many people who are into body building, the mistaken belief that this is the quickest way to make them stronger and help them bulk. But consuming large amounts of protein does not help build more muscle, only exercise can build more muscle cells. Instead, athletes and others interested in body building should eat more carbohydrate-rich foods, such as pasta, to help them carry out their high intense workouts, therefore improving their size and strength.
Ideally, you should consume 0.36 grams of protein for every pound of body weight, according to recommended daily allowances (RDA) set by the Food and Nutrition Board. So if you weigh 170 pounds, you need about 61 grams of protein each day. Protein should also make up approximately 15% of your total daily caloric intake, also according to the RDA. In a diet of 1,800 calories a day, for example, about 270 of those calories should come from protein.
http://natural-health-and-fitness.com/dangers-of-too-much-protein/
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=50900

Harpreet & Tejdeep

10/10/2011 10:43:42 am

The Truth About Margarine

"Margarine was once written off as a plastic-like artificial substance linked to clogged arteries and increased health risks." Originally, margarine was made to be a substitute for butter. It is developed into a spread which can be used instead of butter in most recipes.
Margarine contains vegetable oil, some use soybean oil, while others favor corn oils. The oil in margarine goes through hydrogenation to help make the margarine look like it has a soild texture and too look more like butter. Hydrogenation converts some of the unsaturated fats that are in margarine into saturated fats.

There is a debate going on about whether margarine is better than butter, since there are now so many "good" things about it. It is filled with trans fats and to make it a saturated fat, hydrogen is forced into vegetable oil. "Hydrogenation changes the shape of oils at the molecular level" which is very important to keep constant. Where margarine now currently states that is "non-hydrogenated," it contains modified palm kernel oil, which should be liquid at room temperature. It has been altered to help make margarine the solid it is. Though it is now considered to be a good alternative to butter, it still contains certain oils that should not be digested by the human body. It is also said to be one molecule away from being a plastic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-margarine.htm
http://www.totalwellnessconsulting.ca/margarine.htm
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health/butter-v-margarine---which-is-better/article1511588/

YOUTUBE VIDEO
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f52wxCHcQ00

Alex J & Braeden S

10/10/2011 11:08:16 am

TOPIC: Carbohydrates Cause You to Gain Weight?

Carbohydrates: An organic compound consisting of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is a saccharide, and is divided into four different chemical groupings, which are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. In informal text, and when referring to food, carbohydrates usually means any type of food that is rich in starch( a complex carbohydrate), such as bread, or rich in sugar( simple carbohydrates) such as candy.

In the 1990s, diets were gaining popularity, and suddenly, carbohydrates became the number one thing to get rid of when going on a diet. This led many people into thinking that carbohydrates make you fat or obese, or were unhealthy for you. However, this was proved untrue by scientists, who reported that people who went on “Low-carb Diets”, or those who lessened their carb intake, had problems, such as weakness, constipation, headaches, and bad breath. There were also some more serious side-effects such as developing diabetes, and heart disease. Here are some beneficial facts about Carbohydrates:

• Lower your cholesterol
• Has beneficial effects on blood glucose levels
• Has a high nutrient level, and has a reliable energy level, without the spiking of glucose levels
• Helps lose fat

Pretty much, people should be avoiding the bad carbohydrates, which provide little to no nutritional value such as candies, and white bread and pasta, and soda drinks. These kind of carbohydrates have had the ‘good’ carbs removed during the processing, and the human body does not process them very well, and can cause spike in blood sugar levels, which then may lead diabetes. However they may be consumed occasionally, not on a regular basis.

SITES:
http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/food-myths-debunked-eating-carbohydrates-will-cause-you-to-gain-weight.html

http://lowcarbdiets.about.com/od/lowcarb101/a/lowcarbmyths.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate

Youtube Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHdjJXbMjN4

Harvir and Ken

10/10/2011 12:21:11 pm

Biological Molecules and You! ----- Neutral Fats > Trans Fats

Background Info:

Fats are sometimes called triglycerides because they have a three-part structure consisting of glycerol connected to three fatty acids. Also, the term "neutral fats" is used since the molecule is non polar meaning it cannot dissolve in water.

There are two types of fats: saturated (the bad one) and unsaturated (the good one). Saturated fats contain no double bonds, the carbons are completely surrounded by hydrogen atoms and they come from animal sources. Examples of such include butter and lard. These kinds of fats have been linked to heart disease. Unsaturated fats contain double bonds, considered healthier for the body and do not cause any damage to the heart. Vegetable, corn and fish oil are some examples of unsaturated fats.

Topic: Saturated vs. Trans Fat; Does zero grams of fat actually mean zero?

Trans fats are not like other fats in the same family because they are artificially produced. A process called hydrogenation takes a healthy fat, an unsaturated fat, and groups it with hydrogen atoms to make the new solid fat. These newly produced fats give the food a longer life and most fried foods such as fries and burgers get their tasty qualities from trans fats.

For the most part, people may think that trans fats are healthier than saturated fats because they are produced from a healthy fat. However, this is not true. Studies have shown that saturated fats raise total cholesterol, as well as the “bad” cholesterol, whereas, the trans fats do the same, but also lower the “good” cholesterol. The trans fats are also converted to a solid state making them more likely to clog arteries and cause heart disease.

Most health conscientious adults will go grocery shopping and look for food containing the “0 Trans Fats” label. It may seem like a healthy choice on the surface, but people usually ignore the ingredients label. Any food containing less than 0.5 g of trans fats is considered to have 0 trans fats. Half a gram is indeed a very small amount of fat, but with multiple servings many people exceed limits and the fat becomes very unhealthy. People looking to ignore trans fats completely should carefully read the label, if the label contains words such as, “partially hydrogenated oil” it means there are traces of trans fats, but “fully hydrogenated” means people have nothing to worry about. In conclusion, the package may read “0”, but the product still may be unhealthy.

Bibliography:

http://lowfatcooking.about.com/od/healthandfitness/p/trnasfats.htm

http://www.thefitshack.com/2007/09/10/contains-zero-trans-fat-truth-or-legal-advertising/

http://www.blue-kitchen.com/2009/02/04/the-truth-about-trans-fats-zero-isnt-always-zero/

YouTube Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aukVvYC-WA

Jasmine Nijjar

10/10/2011 12:25:45 pm

Real Meat > Fake Meat

Dangers of Soy

With PETA breathing down our necks and the constant outbreaks of diseases in animals, more and more people are turning to the soybean. The Soybean is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses. The soybean is a low-cost, source of protein for animal feeds and most pre-packaged meals. Soybean products such as textured vegetable protein are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. The beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and the isoflaoness genistein and daidzien. How can something that is naturally produced contain such chemicals? The dangers of soy are large and the long term affects are disastrous. Soybeans and soy products contain high levels of phytic acid, which inhibits assimilation of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc. The plant estrogens found in soy, called phytoestrogens, disrupt endocrine function, that is, the proper functioning of the glands that produce hormones, and have the potential to cause infertility as well as promote breast cancer in adult women. Hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer may be caused by soy phytoestrogens.

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uIn2L90wA8

Bibliography:
http://www.foodrenegade.com/dangers-of-soy/

http://hiddensoy.com/

http://www.quantumbalancing.com/news/soy%20dangers.htm

http://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/soys-negative-effects

Nilo and Amrit

10/10/2011 01:29:45 pm

What are carbohydrates ?

Carbohydrates, are the most abundant .Carbohydrates have several roles in living organisms, including energy transportation, as well as being structural components of plants and arthropods. Carbohydrates are actively involved in fertilization, immune systems, the development of disease, blood clotting and development. Carbohydrates are called carbohydrates because the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen they contain are generally in proportion to form water with the general formula Cn (H2O)n.

Low-carb diet :

low-carb diets are dietary programs usually for treatment of obesity. Some Foods high in digestible carbohydrates are bread and pasta. Other foods low in carbohydrates are salad and vegetable The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low-carbohydrate diets.

Is margarine good for you ?

Margarine comes from partially hydrogenated vegetables oils or fats. This type of butter substitute is nowhere near as hard to manufacture as butter. Margarine blocks the utilization of essential fatty found in vegetable oils that is, margarine blocks itself from being useful to your body and causes many problems for your body like: sexual dysfunction, increased blood cholesterol and paralysis of the immune system.

Unsaturated fats can be beneficial to your heart, whereas saturated fats could be detrimental to your cholesterol and your heart.

Links used for information

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/carbohydrates/

http://wewantorganicfood.com/2007/09/12/butter-versus-margarine-are-they-good-for-you/

http://cholesterol.about.com/cs/faq/f/difference.htm

Salma Husain, Raman Dhesi

10/10/2011 02:36:16 pm

Carbohydrates

A carbohydrate is a simple sugar or a molecule made up of two or more sugar units. Their major function is for short-term energy storage in all organisms. Also they play a structural role for molecules in cells. They are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

There are three classes of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharide: Simple sugars consisting of only one molecule unit.
Pentose= 5 carbon sugars
Hexose= 6 carbon sugars, which consists of glucose (sports drinks), fructose (fruit) and galactose. All have same molecular formula but are different in their shape. When same atoms are arranged differently they are called isomers.

Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides joined together. Complex carbohydrates are made by a process of dehydration synthesis in which two or more monosaccharides are combined to from larger molecules.
Ex: glucose + glucose = maltose
glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)

Polysaccharides: Large number of monosaccharide molecules linked together by dehydration synthesis. Three common polysaccharides in organisms are:
Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants.
- Straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches.
Ex: Potatoes and bread.
Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals.
- Highly branched chain of glucose molecules.
- Glucose enters bloodstream, liver stores glucose and glycogen.
Cellulose: Found in plant cell walls.
- Straight chain of glucose molecules with no branches.
- Pass through digestive track as fiber which can prevent colon cancer.

General Opinion
Carbohydrates are good and bad for you. It depends on what kind of carbohydrates you take in some Carbohydrates make you gain weight instantly because its fattening others are healthy and help you make muscles.

Myth
Muscle glycogen is the collection of stored carbohydrates within muscles it provides fuel for hard training and supports recovery. But glycogen reserves don't have to be topped off to maximize growth. You can run a car all-out on half a tank of gas and you can train like Mr. O on less than "full" glycogen stores. Other factors play a large role in the muscle-building process, such as carbohydrate intake and meal timing.
Idea behind Opinion
Complex Carbohydrates take longer to break down and release into the bloodstream. The increased & prolonged duration of release cause blood glucose levels to rise. This prevents the insulin from rapidly converting & storing the glucose.

Bibliography:
http://www.mnstate.edu/provost/CHEM102Ch11.pdf
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2147711/biological_cell_molecules_what_are.html?cat=58
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarbohydrate&h=KAQAokWDA
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbs-information.com%2F&h=KAQAokWDA

Video about Carbohydrates
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qf_r5EVP6U

Avikash

10/10/2011 02:52:12 pm

This is work of Avikash K. Narayan and Brian Banks.
Carbohydrates - Cellulose
Cellulose: long chain of linked sugar molecules. Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls. Cellulose is in many things that we use, such as, cotton and wood.
Opinion: No vertebrate can digest cellulose directly. Even though we can not digest cellulose it is still important to us. Cellulose is considered to be fiber/roughage.High fiber diets cause increased stool size and may help prevent or cure constipation. Although, too much can be bad since they do not get broken down inside our body.
Reference:
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/what-is-cellulose.shtml
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_fiber

Youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bsc4pwWfQE

Avikash

10/10/2011 02:55:35 pm

continued:
Myth: Cellulose insulation is toxic to humans
Result:Boric acid, added as a fire retardant in our cellulose, is a common mineral, and six times less toxic than ordinary table salt.Actually Boric acid is the active ingredient found in many “over the counter” eye drops.
This information was found on http://www.birdinsulation.com/helpful-info/cellulose-myths-dissolved

ashish parm

10/10/2011 03:50:05 pm

Artificial Proteins vs. Natural proteins

What is Natural proteins? Natural proteins are organic hemp plants seeds that are milled and are made into powder which contain high protein and all of the 10 essential amino acids which also make up all of the basic structure of proteins. Fish, meat poultry, nuts are the three main well known sources of natural protein. tuna is good source of protein it contains 30 grams of protein per 100 grams. There are many types of fish that contain high levels of rich protein for example herrings, anchovies , salmon, sardines, cod perch and catfish.

What is artificial Proteins? Artificial Proteins can be put into the diet by using other sources of protein like protein shakes and pills. Protein supplements may be used to replace meals, increase weight or loss weight. Proteins Contains BCCA ( branched chain amino acids) and haemoglobin’s which helps recovers muscles tissues after a workout. There are two types of protein whey and casein. Whey is known as a fast acting protein to recover muscle tissues fast. Casein is the opposite of whey it is a slow acting protein which slowly helps recover muscle tissues. Whey is extracted from milk before it was used for protein supplements people would throw away the whey on cottage cheese.

Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrkW5cqe4ys

http://www.organicfoodinfo.net/Living_Harvest_Organic_Protein.php

Maneet and Shivrani

10/10/2011 05:02:33 pm

WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL?
Cholesterol, a substance produced by the liver, is needed to make vitamin D and some hormones, build cell walls, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. The body produces enough cholesterol that you even if you didn’t eat any, you would be fine. But many foods that are commonly eaten contain amounts of cholesterol.
Lipids are fats that are found throughout the body. Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is found in foods from animal sources ex. Eggs, meat, and dairy products.
The liver produces about 1,000 milligrams of cholesterol a day, and you probably consume about 150 to 250 milligrams in the foods you eat.
Because cholesterol can't travel alone through the bloodstream, it has to combine with certain proteins. These proteins pick up the cholesterol and transport it to different parts of the body. When this happens, the cholesterol and protein form a lipoprotein together.

MYTH: cholesterol is bad for you

FACT:
There are TWO types of lipoproteins: High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL).
HDL is considered “good cholesterol.” It removes cholesterol from the blood vessels and carries it back to the liver, where it can be processed and sent out of the body. Most cholesterol is LDL cholesterol though, which is the kind that is most likely to clog blood vessels.
Too much cholesterol can damage ones health, as can too much of anything. When LDL cholesterol levels are high, cholesterol is deposited on the walls of arteries and forms a hard substance called plaque. Over time, plaque causes the arteries to become narrower, decreasing blood flow and causing a condition called atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.

WHAT CAUSES HIGH CHOLESTEROL?
Some of the factors that can lead to high cholesterol are:
Overweight — Excess weight has been linked with high cholesterol levels.
Heredity — If cholesterol problems or heart disease run in your family, you are at a higher risk for having problems.
Diet — Remember the saying "you are what you eat"? Avoid foods that are high in cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat, all of which increase cholesterol levels and your risk of developing heart disease.
Age — The risk of high cholesterol increases as you get older.
Physical activity tends to increase HDL levels, which reduces your chance of developing heart disease.

HOW TO PREVENT HIGH CHOLESTEROL
-low cholesterol diet
-eat trans-fat free food
-go for leaner options when it comes to meat and dairy ex. Skim milk instead of whole, chicken instead of red meat
-get daily physical activity to regulate LDL levels

BIBLIOGRAPHY :
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/womenshealth/features/dietmyths.htm
http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/cholesterol.html#

VIDEO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK7uriP9PHc

James and Jas

10/10/2011 07:22:51 pm

Steroids vs Anabolic steroid

A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a specific arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.

People hear steroids from scandals of different athelete in the world to use steroids to help them to achieve better records. Also people or friends to use steroids for buildup of muscle. Those steroids call the Anabolic steroid. Our body also have steroids and it is an important part for human's function like help people to increase protein synthesis,promoting growth of muscles and bones. Anabolic steroid is now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate bone growth and appetite, induce male puberty, and treat chronic wasting conditions, such as cancer and AIDS. The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS, in the presence of adequate diet, can contribute to increases in body weight, often as lean mass increases, and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals. Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of anabolic steroids. These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels (increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein), acne, high blood pressure, liver damage (mainly with oral steroids), dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular atrophy may also be caused by anabolic steroids.

The use for anabolic steroids in sports, racing, and bodybuilding are controversial because of their adverse effects and the potential to gain an advantage conventionally considered "cheating." Anabolic steroids are banned by all major sports bodies including Fédération Internationale de Football Association the Olympics, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League,as well as the National Football League. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) maintains the list of performance-enhancing substances used by many major sports bodies and includes all anabolic agents, which includes all anabolic steroids and precursors as well as all hormones and related substances.

The use Anabolic steroids could cause harmful changes to human's body and people should stop and the government should banned the use of it

Website links: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_general_functions_of_steroids#ixzz1aSiHZqrr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_and_sport_restrictions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid

Video Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0LEj8IPHGU&mode=related&search=

Vince, Noman, Ishan

10/11/2011 05:26:09 am

What is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates are one of the biological molecules our body needs. It provides a short term energy to the body when needed. This is because they can be converted more readily into glucose, the form of sugar that is transported and used by the body than proteins or fats can. Carbohydrates consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water).
Do carbohydrates make you fat?
Eating too much will lead to weight gain, regardless of what foods you get your energy from. Yet while low carb diets have had much publicity, gram for gram carbohydrates contain less calories than fat, protein and alcohol:
• 1g carbohydrate contains 3.75 calories.
• 1g protein contains 4 calories.
• 1g fat contains 9 calories.
• 1g alcohol contains 7 calories.
Sugar and starch are found in both healthy and 'unhealthy' foods, so the type of carbohydrates you eat is important for your wellbeing.
• Many foods high in sugar (cakes, pastries, chocolate) are also high in fat or prepared with fat (chips, roast potatoes, sandwiches).
• Starchy foods, such as wholegrain bread, pasta etc, are rich in fibre, which is essential for digestive health and helps control appetite so you don't feel hungry

Believe it or not, despite the fact that there are many diets, which preach low-carb eating make it so you lose a lot of weight, the truth is that your body actually needs carbohydrates to function at its optimal level. Carbohydrates are a component of foods such as breads, grains, cereals, fruits, and vegetables that break down into glucose. It is this glucose, which directly feeds your muscles and cells allowing you to sustain an active life-style.
An important fact to know is how many carbohydrates your body needs to function at its peak level. If you are diabetic for example, you may need to take extra care in how you spread your carbs throughout the day or at any one time. This is to prevent drastic peaks and valleys in your blood sugars.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qf_r5EVP6U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gquOsTKT8JE

http://www.eatingdisordersonline.com/nutritional/carbs.php
Bibiliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/focus/nutrition/facts/lifestylemanagement/carbohydrates.htmhttp://nutrition.mednet.ucla.edu/articles/Carbohydrates_are_Good_for_U.pdf

jyoti and Nycole

10/11/2011 11:43:15 am

Carbohydrates : Carbohydrate are biological molecules that function as short term energy source. The structure for the carbohydrates is that they are organic compounds containing hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. Carbohydrates are polar like the water and are highly soluble in water. The empirical formula is CnH2On, where n is any number. There are three classes for carbohydrates: the first one is monosaccharide which is it's monomer and is a simple sugar that dissolves in water . They are indicated by the ending of -ose, such as pentose or hexcose. The second one is disaccharide which are made by the process of dehydration synthesis. The third one is polysaccharide which contains large number of monosaccharide molecules and has the three common organisms which are starch ,cellulose and glycogen.

What are Low-Carb diet?
Low-Carb diets are when people try to reduce their carbs with the thought of it being unhealthy which is not true, but a myth. If carbohydrates are eaten more than necessary then they are fats that are stored as any other nutrients, which also prove that carbohydrates are healthy. Carbohydrates are found in nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, grain products or milk. They give body the 15% energy and proteins or fats give 75%-80%. Due to this eating less carbs may increase more chances of eating too much proteins and fats to get the energy. Carbohydrates are needed as a source of fuel . Low carbs may help to loose weight quickly, but that means less food was eaten since carbohydrates are in many food groups and if this diet is stopped then weight will be gained back. In short, low-carb diets are not healthy because of the energy they give which is very much needed in the body in order to function.

Myths about carbohydrates:
-low-carb diets are good for you
• one of the biggest myth which is not correct because of it not being so healthy
• people believe this because it actually results in weight loss, but this is occurred because of the body burning glycogen for energy since enough carbs are not eaten and therefore water is released which causes drastic weight loss
• people following this diet will eat: 1000 to 1400 calories daily compared to
normal diet: 1800 to 2200 calories daily which then will cause diet followers damage to their health

Video--> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qf_r5EVP6U

Bibliography--> http://www.carbs-information.com/carbohydrates-benefits.htm
http://www.youngwomenshealth.org/low_carb.html
http://www.healthcastle.com/nutrition-myths.shtml

Freddy Francis

10/11/2011 12:03:12 pm

Youtube Video links for my research above:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPxnIh_WTb8-blood pressure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eJptRnGCdc&feature=related-arthrosclerosis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeS-0au8ij4&feature=related-heartattack
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTzxaUb-xb0&feature=related-plaque

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VQloEfH2HM&feature=related-triglycerides and plaque

Maddisen Stegavik & Jessica Hernandez

10/11/2011 01:26:40 pm

Natural Steroids vs. Anabolic Steroids. What happens to the body due to an excessive amount of steroids?

What are Lipids?
Lipids are used for energy storage, and are important to the structure of cell membranes containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Lipids include fats, oils, and steroids. A lipid is made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules joined together, also called a triglyceride.

What are Natural Steroids?
Steroids are made of four interconnected rings of carbon. Natural steroids that are in the human body, such as estrogen and testosterone, are sex hormones that regulate female and male sexual characteristics. Another example of a natural steroid is aldosterone, which helps to regulate the sodium level of blood.

What are Anabolic Steroids?
Anabolic steroids can be consumed on top of the bodys natural steroids that are present. Athletes and bodybuilders generally use anabolic steroids to gain muscle in the form of pills or injections. Anabolic steroids increase hormone levels and protein synthesis and that results in the gaining of muscle mass. These type of steroids also increase the development of masculine characteristics. When using a large amount of these steroids, there are risks and dangers that can occur. Dangers such as hormonal imbalances, high blood pressure, liver damage, irregularity in growth and bone development, and changes in cholesterol levels can occur.

Bibliography
http://dwb.unl.edu/teacher/nsf/c10/c10links/www.tcada.state.tx.us/research/facts/steroids.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid

Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-ejsNMg3Gk

Harleen Kaur and Harpreet

10/11/2011 01:53:27 pm

TOPIC – Protein (hemoglolin)
• Proteins are the building blocks of life. The body needs protein to repair and maintain itself.
• Proteins are part of every cell, tissue, and organ in our bodies. These body proteins are constantly being broken down and replaced. Proteins are natural polymer molecules consisting of amino acid units. The number of amino acids in proteins may range from two to several thousand
• Proteins are the chief actors within the cell, said to be carrying out the duties specified by the information encoded in genes.
Haemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
• Hemoglobin - Hemoglobin is made up of four protein molecules (globulin chains) that are connected together.
• The normal adult hemoglobin (Hbg) molecule contains 2 alpha-globulin chains and 2 beta-globulin chains.
• Each globulin chain contains an important central structure called the heme molecule.
• Inside heme molecule is iron that transports the oxygen and carbon dioxide in our blood which contained in hemoglobin is responsible for the red color of blood and maintaining the shape the shape of the red blood cells.
Dietary source
Animal proteins
• Turkey or chicken with the skin removed, or bison (also called buffalo meat)
• Lean cuts of beef or pork, such as round, top sirloin, or tenderloin (trim away any visible fat)
• Fish or shellfish
Plant proteins
• Pinto beans, black beans, kidney beans, lentils, split peas, or garbanzo beans
• Nuts and seeds, including almonds, hazelnuts, mixed nuts, peanuts, peanut butter, sunflower seeds, or walnuts (just watch how much you eat, because nuts are high in fat)
• Tofu, tempeh, and other soy protein products
• Low-fat dairy products
Role in disease
• High haemoglobin( blood become viscous, inhibiting flow of oxygen and often causes clots)-exposure to high altitudes, smoking, dehydration, tumors or increased number or size of red blood cell
• Low haemoglobin(insufficient supply of oxygen )-decreased amount of red blood cells
• loss of blood, nutritional deficiency, bone marrow problems, chemotherapy, kidney failure, or abnormal hemoglobin (such as that of sickle-cell disease).
• Anemia-iron deficiency in blood
• Jaundice- increased level of bilirubin and less level of iron.
Preventive measures
• Getting blood tested
• Physical work like walking, running, and jogging
• Eat less salt decreases sodium intake
• Switch to healthy and alternative diet
• Preventing drinking, smoking
• Sleep well
• Increase intake of potassium-rich foods
• Reduce consumption of alcoholic drinks
• Control cholesterol level
• Control diabetes
Myth - Vegetarians have higher risk in getting iron deficiency
While it is factual that the nonheme iron found in plant sources makes it harder for human to absorb the iron than heme iron found in meat products, researches showed that iron deficiency cannot be linked to vegetarian people. With the right choice of vegetables like beans and green leafy vegetables, vegetarians can get as much iron as meat lovers do.
Bibliography
http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein.htmlf
http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin/article.htm
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/565proteins.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eor6EK_JP40&feature=related

simret

10/11/2011 01:57:00 pm

y soo moppy

jasmine grewal

10/11/2011 02:31:05 pm

Hey It's Jasmine, I'm with Jasmine

Irindeep and Ronny Colman

10/11/2011 02:49:59 pm

A carbohydrate is an organic compound that, consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrate are biological molecules that function as short term energy source. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. carbohydrates provide a short term energy storage area and it is the first to be accessed by the body when needed. This is because they can be converted more readily into glucose, the form of sugar that's transported and used by the body, than proteins or fats can.
Two types of carbs:

Complex carbohydrates are often referred to as starch or starchy foods. They are found naturally in foods and also refined in processed foods.

Complex carbohydrates as natural starches are found in:
bananas
beans
brown rice
chickpeas
nuts
oats
potatoes
sweet corn
wholegrain cereals
wholemeal breads

Simple carbohydrates are also known as sugars. They also exist in either a natural or refined form.

Natural sugars are found in fruit and vegetables.

Refined sugars are found in:
biscuits, cakes and pastries
chocolate
honey and jams
jellies
brown and white cane sugar
pizzas

Low carb foods are foods with relatively low sugar content.The main idea of a low carb diet is to consume fats and proteins rather than carbohydrates. Basically, the most popular low-carb diet is a high-fat diet with reasonable consumption of protein. Low carb diet is the only diet that successfully cures modern diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high LDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, hypoglycemia, anxiety and panic disorder, and others. Being on a low-carb diet enables you to eat until you are full. Low carb diet is sometimes referred to as luxury since the main foods consumed are different kinds of meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and cheese, plus some low-sugar fruit and non-starchy vegetables.

http://www.lowcarbfoods.org/what+foods+eat+low+carb+diet/

http://www.eatingdisordersonline.com/nutritional/carbs.php

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L56k1fS4W2o

Julia R and Alex L

10/11/2011 03:03:49 pm

Lipids are organic molecules that are non-polar. Examples of lipids are neutral fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, saturated fats and unsaturated fats. They consist of one glycerol group, 2 saturated fats and one unsaturated fat. The difference between saturated and unsaturated fats are the double bond connecting the carbons on the unsaturated. All foods have some form of lipids.

A very common subject for lipids is margarine vs. butter…which is better?
-The margarine biased people think of is the old plastic-like substance that increases clogged arteries and other health risks
-Margarine can be a healthy alternative to butter because it is lower in saturated fats.
-Some brands of margarine are quite healthy, while some are high in trans fats
-We found that overall margarine can be healthier than butter because it’s lower in saturated fat.

(general lipids)
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204
(butter vs. margarine)
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health/butter-v-margarine---which-is-better/article1511588/
http://www.aviva.ca/article.asp?articleid=126

Youtube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zAwDEQWAVY&feature=related

Monty/Prem

10/11/2011 06:06:49 pm

High Protein Diet

-Proteins are a polymer chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

-recommended by body builders and nutritionists to gain muscle and lose fat
-protein is claimed to provide muscles amimo acids to rebuild themselves after workouts
-a diet in which protein makes up 30% or more of your calorie intake causes toxic kenote buildup
-these kenotes force kidneys to work harder to remove them causing kidney problems and dehydration
-high protein diets have been shown to increase fat loss in humans

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=50900

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-protein_diet

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXdY_LjhjHQ

Manpreet and Priyanka

10/11/2011 06:16:28 pm

High Protein Diet

Proteins are large molecules consisting of amino acids which our bodies need to repair and maintain themselves. There are tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, each with a unique, three-dimensional structure that corresponds to a specific function. Three main functions of proteins are structural support, movement (of our muscles), and metabolic functions.
High-protein diets have become a popular way to lose weight because research has indicated that protein may be able to satisfy hunger better than either fats or carbohydrates.
A high protein diet works by restricting carbohydrates (and replacing most of the carbs with protein) so the body goes into a different metabolic state called ketosis, where it burns its own fat for fuel. Normally the body burns carbohydrates for fuel. A person in ketosis is getting energy from ketones, which are little carbon fragments that are created by the breakdown of fat stores. Also, when the body is in ketosis, a person tends to feel less hungry, which mean they’re likely to eat less, which translates to more weight loss.

High protein diets can cause a number of health problems, including:

•Kidney failure: Consuming too much protein puts a strain on the kidneys, which can make a person susceptible to kidney disease.
•High cholesterol, which means an increased risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
•Osteoporosis and kidney stones. High protein diets have been shown to cause people to excrete more calcium than normal through their urine.
•Cancer: One of the reasons high protein diets increase the risks of certain health problems is because people end up avoiding carbohydrate-containing foods and the vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants they contain.
•Unhealthy metabolic state (ketosis): High protein diets can cause your body to go into a dangerous metabolic state called ketosis since your body burns fat instead of glucose for energy. During ketosis, the body forms substances known as ketones, which can cause organs to fail and result in gout, kidney stones, or kidney failure. Ketones can also dull a person's appetite, cause nausea and bad breath.

Websites used:

http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/high-protein-diet-weight-loss
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-protein-diets/AN00847
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42601
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-protein_diet

Youtube Link:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXdY_LjhjHQ

Harinder Teja

10/12/2011 09:15:02 am

What is a Carbohydrate?

A carbohydrate is an organic compound with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n). It consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It has hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. Carbohydrates are biological molecules that function as short term energy source. They are used to produce hormones and cell membranes and are transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. Carbohydrates are an ideal source of energy for the body. This is because they can be converted more readily into glucose, the form of sugar that's transported and used by the body than proteins or fats can. Animals (including humans) break down carbohydrates during the process of metabolism to release energy. Animals obtain carbohydrates by eating foods that contain them

What are some things the carbohydrates do?
•Regulate the amount of sugar circulating in your blood so that all your cells get the energy they need.
•Provide nutrients for the friendly bacteria in your intestinal tract that help digest food.
•Assist in your body’s absorption of calcium.
•May help lower cholesterol levels and regulate blood pressure (these effects are special benefits of dietary fiber).

Two Types of Carbohydrates

The two types of carbohydrates are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are also called simple sugars. They are found in refined sugars, example: lollipop. Complex carbohydrates are also called starches. Starches include grain products, such as bread, crackers, pasta, and rice. Some complex carbohydrate foods are better choices than others

Myth:

There is a common belief that carbohydrates cause people to gain weight. Though a diet with too high a carbohydrate content can upset the delicate balance of the body, carbohydrates are a necessity for a healthy body. They are necessary for your body’s survival. They are high in fiber which lowers your cholesterol. They are also high in nutrients. They provide a stable energy level without spiking your glucose levels. They Boost metabolism and helps you lose fat.

Bibliography
http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/food-myths-debunked-eating-carbohydrates-will-cause-you-to-gain-weight.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate
http://kidshealth.org/kid/nutrition/food/carb.html

YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kphsHC91dU

Loveleen Dhillon

10/13/2011 03:59:51 pm

What is a Carbohydrate?

A carbohydrate, are commonly referred to as sugars. It is an organic compound with the empirical formula Cn(H2O)n , consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is a saccharide are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. In many informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals, bread, and pasta) or simple carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams, and desserts).

Low-Carb Diets:

Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption usually for weight control or for the treatment of obesity. Foods high in digestible carbohydrates (e.g. bread, pasta) are limited or replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of proteins and fats (e.g. meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, seeds and peanuts) and other foods low in carbohydrates (e.g. most salad vegetables), although other vegetables and fruits (especially berries) are often allowed. The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low-carbohydrate diets.

Is margarine god for you?

The vast majority of margarines are made with partially and fully hydrogenated oil, which is oil, with hydrogen added to it. The reason why they do this is because hydrogenating oil lengthens shelf life of products significantly, allowing more time for shipping, shelving, etc. The reason it's bad is because hydrogenated oil clogs the arteries and does HORRIBLE things to your heart. Also - margarine is full of chemicals that are just not good for you.

Unsaturated fats can be beneficial to your heart, on the other hand saturated fats are a complete harm to you heart and there are risk of diseases.

Youtube Video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kphsHC91dU

Bibliography:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080304233136AAuSubX
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Saturated_Fats_vs_Unsaturated_Fats

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